Molecular weight
~30,400 Da (glycoprotein)
FDA-approved since 1989 for CKD anemia. BLACK BOX WARNING: increased mortality, MI, stroke at Hgb >11 g/dL. Most commonly doped substance in endurance sports history.
Binds EPO receptors on erythroid progenitors, activating JAK2/STAT5 signaling. Promotes survival, proliferation, and differentiation into mature red blood cells. Non-hematopoietic effects include neuroprotection and cardioprotection.
FDA-approved 1989; black box warning at high Hgb targets; WADA prohibited; neuroprotection studied; biosimilars available.
Research data is not a treatment plan. If you are considering EPO, the questions that matter are whether it suits your history, your labs and your goals. That is a conversation with a licensed physician, not a lookup.
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Reconstitution calculator · Full deep dive · Peptide fundamentals